• Changes brought on by the Agricultural Revolution, including the environmental impact of settlements

• TWO ancient river civilizations, such as those that formed around the Nile, Indus, Tigris-Euphrates, or Yangtze

• Classical China or India (Han China or Gupta empires)

• spatial representations of that growth

• interactions with culturally diverse peoples

• responses to the challenges offered by contact with different faiths

4.1.1 - Crisis in the Classical World – Explain the responses to common forces of change that led to the ultimate collapse of classical empires and discuss the consequences of their collapse. (See 4.3.3; 4.3.4; 4.3.5)

4.1.2 - World Religions – Using historical and modern maps and other documents, analyze the continuing spread of major world religions during this era and describe encounters between religious groups including

4.1.3 - Trade Networks and Contacts – Analyze the development, interdependence, specialization, and importance of interregional trading systems both within and between societies including

4.2.1 - Growth of Islam and Dar al-Islam [A country, territory, land, or abode where Muslim sovereignty prevails] – Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including

4.2.2 - Unification of Eurasia under the Mongols – Using historical and modern maps, locate and describe the geographic patterns of Mongol conquest and expansion and describe the characteristics of the Pax Mongolica (particularly revival of long-distance trading networks between China and the Mediterranean world). (National Geography Standard 10, p. 203)

4.2.3 - The Plague – Using historical and modern maps and other evidence, explain the causes and spread of the Plague and analyze the demographic, economic, social, and political consequences of this pandemic. (See 4.3.5) (National Geography Standard 15, p. 215)

4.3.1 - Africa to 1500 – Describe the diverse characteristics of early African societies and the significant changes in African society by

4.3.2 - The Americas to 1500 – Describe the diverse characteristics of early American civilizations and societies in North, Central, and South America by comparing and contrasting the major aspects (government, religion, interactions with the environment, economy, and social life) of American Indian civilizations and societies such as the Maya, Aztec, Inca, Pueblo, and/or Eastern Woodland peoples. (National Geography Standard 10, p. 203)

4.3.3 - China to 1500 – Explain how Chinese dynasties responded to the internal and external challenges caused by ethnic diversity, physical geography, population growth and Mongol invasion to achieve relative political stability, economic prosperity, and technological innovation. (National Geography Standard 4, p. 190)

4.3.4 - The Eastern European System and the Byzantine Empire to 1500 – Analyze restructuring of the Eastern European system including

4.3.5 - Western Europe to 1500 – Explain the workings of feudalism, manoralism, and the growth of centralized monarchies and city-states in Europe including

5.1.1 - Emerging Global System – Analyze the impact of increased oceanic travel including changes in the global system of trade, migration, and political power as compared to the previous era. (See 4.1.3; 5.3.6) (National Geography Standard 11d, p. 207)

5.1.2 - World Religions – Use historical and modern maps to analyze major territorial transformations and movements of world religions including the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain, Christianity to the Americas, and Islam to Southeast Asia, and evaluate the impact of these transformations/movements on the respective human systems. (See 4.1.2) (National Geography Standard 9d, pg. 202)

5.2.1 - European Exploration/Conquest and Columbian Exchange – Analyze the demographic, environmental, and political consequences of European oceanic travel and conquest and of the Columbian Exchange in the late 15th and 16th centuries by

5.2.2 - Trans-African and Trans-Atlantic Slave Systems – Analyze the emerging trans-Atlantic slave system and compare it to other systems of labor existing during this era by

5.3.1 - Ottoman Empire through the 18th Century – Analyze the major political, religious, economic, and cultural transformations in the Ottoman Empire by

5.3.2 - East Asia through the 18th Century – Analyze the major political, religious, economic, and cultural transformations in East Asia by

5.3.3 - South Asia/India through the 18th Century – Analyze the global economic significance of India and the role of foreign influence in the political, religious, cultural, and economic transformations in India and South Asia including the Mughal Empire and the beginnings of European contact. (See 4.1.2) (National Geography Standard 4, p. 190)

5.3.4 - Russia through the 18th Century – Analyze the major political, religious, economic, and cultural transformations in Russia including

5.3.5 - Europe through the 18th Century – Analyze the major political, religious, cultural and economic transformations in Europe by

5.3.6 - Latin America through the 18th Century – Analyze colonial transformations in Latin America, including

6.1.1 - Global Revolutions – Analyze the causes and global consequences of major political and industrial revolutions focusing on changes in relative political and military power, economic production, and commerce. (See 6.2.1; 6.2.3; 6.3.1) (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

6.1.2 - World-wide Migrations and Population Changes – Analyze the causes and consequences of shifts in world population and major patterns of long-distance migrations of Europeans, Africans, and Asians during this era, including the impact of industrialism, imperialism, changing diets, and scientific advances on worldwide demographic trends. (National Geography Standard 9, p. 201)

6.1.3 - Increasing Global Interconnections – Describe increasing global interconnections between societies, through the emergence and spread of ideas, innovations, and commodities including

6.1.4 - Changes in Economic and Political Systems – Compare the emerging economic and political systems (industrialism and democracy) with the economic and political systems of the previous era (agriculture and absolutism). (See 5.3.5)

6.1.5 - Interpreting Europe’s Increasing Global Power – Describe Europe’s increasing global power between 1500 and 1900, and evaluate the merits of the argument that this rise was caused by factors internal to Europe (e.g., Renaissance, Reformation, demographic, economic, and social changes) or factors external to Europe (e.g., decline of Mughal and Ottoman empires and the decreasing engagement of China and Japan in global interactions). (See 6.3.1; 6.3.2; 5.3.2) (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

6.2.1 - Political Revolutions – Analyze the Age of Revolutions by comparing and contrasting the political, economic, and social causes and consequences of at least three political and/or nationalistic revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican or other Latin American, or Chinese Revolutions) (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

6.2.2 - Growth of Nationalism and Nation-states – Compare and contrast the rise of the nation-states in a western context (e.g., Germany, Italy) and non-western context (e.g., Meiji Japan). (See 6.1.1; 6.3.1; 6.3.2) (National Geography Standard 13, p. 203)

6.2.3 - Industrialization – Analyze the origins, characteristics and consequences of industrialization across the world by

6.2.4 - Imperialism – Analyze the political, economic, and social causes and consequences of imperialism by

6.3.1 - Europe – Analyze the economic, political, and social transformations in Europe by

6.3.2 - East Asia – Analyze the political, economic, and social transformations in East Asia by

6.3.3 - Africa – Evaluate the different experiences of African societies north and south of the Sahara with imperialism (e.g., Egypt, Ethiopia and the Congo). (National Geography Standard 16, p. 216)

7.1.1 - Increasing Government and Political Power – Explain the expanding role of state power in managing economies, transportation systems, and technologies, and other social environments, including its impact of the daily lives of their citizens. (See 7.3.2)

7.1.2 - Comparative Global Power – Use historical and modern maps and other sources to analyze and explain the changes in the global balance of military, political, and economic power between 1900 and 1945 (including the changing role of the United States and those resisting foreign domination). (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

7.1.3 - Twentieth Century Genocide – Use various sources including works of journalists, journals, oral histories, films, interviews, and writings of participants to analyze the causes and consequences of the genocides of Armenians, Romas (Gypsies), and Jews, and the mass exterminations of Ukrainians and Chinese. (See 7.2.3)

7.1.4 - Global Technology – Describe significant technological innovations and scientific breakthroughs in transportation, communication, medicine, and warfare and analyze how they both benefited and imperiled humanity. (National Geography Standard 11, p. 206)

7.1.5 - Total War – Compare and contrast modern warfare and its resolution with warfare in the previous eras; include analysis of the role of technology and civilians. (See 7.2.1; 7.2.3) (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

7.2.1 - World War I – Analyze the causes, characteristics, and long-term consequences of World War I by

7.2.2 - Inter-war Period – Analyze the transformations that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II by

7.2.3 - World War II – Analyze the causes, course, characteristics, and immediate consequences of World War II by

7.2.4 - Revolutionary and/or Independence Movements – Compare two revolutionary and/or Independence movements of this era (Latin America, India, China, the Arab World, and Africa) with at least one from the previous era. (See 6.2.1). (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

7.3.1 - Russian Revolution – Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of Bolsheviks through the conclusion of World War II, including the five-year plans, collectivization of agriculture, and military purges.

7.3.2 - Europe and Rise of Fascism and Totalitarian States – Compare the ideologies, policies, and governing methods of at least two 20th-century dictatorial regimes (Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Soviet Union) with those absolutist states in earlier eras. (See 5.3.5; 7.2.3)

7.3.3 - Asia – Analyze the political, economic, and social transformations that occurred in this era, including (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

7.3.4 - The Americas – Analyze the political, economic and social transformations that occurred in this era, including

7.3.5 - Middle East – Analyze the political, economic, and social transformations that occurred in this era, including

8.1.1 - Origins of the Cold War – Describe the factors that contributed to the Cold War including the differences in ideologies and policies of the Soviet bloc and the West; political, economic, and military struggles in the 1940s and 1950s; and development of Communism in China. (See 723)

8.1.2 - Cold War Conflicts – Describe the major arenas of conflict, including

8.1.3 - End of the Cold War – Develop an argument to explain the end of the Cold War and its significance as a 20th-century event, and the subsequent transitions from bi-polar to multi-polar center(s) of power. (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

8.1.4 - Mapping the 20th Century – Using post-WWI, post-WWII, height of Cold War, and current world political maps, explain the changing configuration of political boundaries in the world caused by the World Wars, the Cold War, and the growth of nationalist sovereign states (including Israel, Jordan, Palestine).

8.2.1 - The Legacy of Imperialism – Analyze the complex and changing legacy of imperialism in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America during and after the Cold War such as apartheid, civil war in Nigeria, Vietnam, Cuba, Guatemala, and the changing nature of exploitation of resources (human and natural). (National Geography Standards 11 and 16, pp. 206 and 216)

8.2.2 - Independence, Decolonization, and Democratization Movements – Compare the independence movements and formation of new nations in the Indian Subcontinent, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia during and after the Cold War. (National Geography Standards 13 and 17, pp. 210 and 219)

8.2.3 - Middle East – Analyze the interregional causes and consequences of conflicts in the Middle East, including the development of the state of Israel, Arab-Israeli disputes, Palestine, the Suez crisis, and the nature of the continuing conflict. (National Geography Standards 13 and 17, pp. 210 and 219)

• population change (including birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, growth rate, doubling time, aging population, changes in science and technology)

• distributions of population (including relative changes in urban-rural population, gender, age, patterns of migrations, and population density)

• change in spatial distribution and use of natural resources

• the differences in ways societies have been using and distributing natural resources

• social, political, economic, and environmental consequences of the development, distribution, and use of natural resources

• major changes in networks for the production, distribution, and consumption of natural resources including growth of multinational corporations, and governmental and non-governmental organizations (e.g., OPEC, NAFTA, EU, NATO, World Trade Organization, Red Cross, Red Crescent)

• economic interdependence of the world’s countries and world trade patterns

• the exchanges of scientific, technological, and medical innovations

• cultural diffusion and the different ways cultures/societies respond to “new” cultural ideas and patterns

• comparative economic advantages and disadvantages of regions, regarding cost of labor, natural resources, location, and tradition

• tensions resulting from ethnic, territorial, religious, and/or nationalist differences (e.g., Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, Ukraine, Northern Ireland, al Qaeda, Shining Path)

• causes of and responses to ethnic cleansing/genocide/mass extermination (e.g., Darfur, Rwanda, Cambodia, Bosnia)

• local and global attempts at peacekeeping, security, democratization, and administering international justice and human rights

• Declaration of Independence

• the U.S. Constitution (including the Preamble)

• Bill of Rights

• the Gettysburg Address

• the birth of republican government, including the rule of law, inalienable rights, equality, and limited government

• the development of governmental roles in American life

• and competing views of the responsibilities of governments (federal, state, and local)

• changes in suffrage qualifications

• the development of political parties

• changing political boundaries of the United States (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

• regional economic differences and similarities, including goods produced and the nature of the labor force (National Geography Standard 11, p. 206)

• changes in the size, location, and composition of the population (National Geography Standard 9, p. 201)

• patterns of immigration and migration (National Geography Standard 9, p. 201)

• development of cities (National Geography Standard 12, p. 208)

• changes in commerce, transportation, and communication (National Geography Standard 11, p. 206)

6.1.1 - Factors in the American Industrial Revolution – Analyze the factors that enabled the United States to become a major industrial power, including

6.1.2 - Labor’s Response to Industrial Growth – Evaluate the different responses of labor to industrial change including

6.1.3 - Urbanization – Analyze the changing urban and rural landscape by examining

6.1.4 - Population Changes – Use census data from 1790-1940 to describe changes in the composition, distribution, and density of the American population and analyze their causes, including immigration, the Great Migration, and urbanization. (National Geography Standard 12, p. 208)

6.1.5 - A Case Study of American Industrialism – Using the automobile industry as a case study, analyze the causes and consequences of this major industrial transformation by explaining

6.2.1 - Growth of U.S. Global Power – Locate on a map the territories (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Hawaii, Panama Canal Zone) acquired by the United States during its emergence as an imperial power between 1890 and 1914, and analyze the role the Spanish American War, the Philippine Revolution, the Panama Canal, the Open Door Policy, and the Roosevelt Corollary played in expanding America’s global influence and redefining its foreign policy. (National Geography Standards 1 and 3; p.184 and 188)

6.2.2 - WWI – Explain the causes of World War I, the reasons for American neutrality and eventual entry into the war, and America’s role in shaping the course of the war.

6.2.3 - Domestic Impact of WWI – Analyze the domestic impact of WWI on the growth of the government (e.g., War Industries Board), the expansion of the economy, the restrictions on civil liberties (e.g., Sedition Act, Red Scare, Palmer Raids), and the expansion of women’s suffrage.

6.2.4 - Wilson and His Opponents – Explain how Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” differed from proposals by others, including French and British leaders and domestic opponents, in the debate over the Versailles Treaty, United States participation in the League of Nations, the redrawing of European political boundaries, and the resulting geopolitical tensions that continued to affect Europe. (National Geography Standards 3 and 13; p. 188 and 210)

6.3.1 - Social Issues – Describe at least three significant problems or issues created by America’s industrial and urban transformation between 1895 and 1930 (e.g., urban and rural poverty and blight, child labor, immigration, political corruption, public health, poor working conditions, and monopolies).

6.3.2 - Causes and Consequences of Progressive Reform – Analyze the causes, consequences, and limitations of Progressive reform in the following areas

6.3.3 - Women’s Suffrage – Analyze the successes and failures of efforts to expand women’s rights, including the work of important leaders (e.g., Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton) and the eventual ratification of the 19th Amendment.

7.1.1 - The Twenties – Identify and explain the significance of the cultural changes and tensions in the “Roaring Twenties” including

7.1.2 - Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression – Explain and evaluate the multiple causes and consequences of the Great Depression by analyzing

7.1.3 - The New Deal – Explain and evaluate Roosevelt’s New Deal Policies including

7.2.1 - Causes of WWII – Analyze the factors contributing to World War II in Europe and in the Pacific region, and America’s entry into war including

7.2.2 - U.S. and the Course of WWII – Evaluate the role of the U.S. in fighting the war militarily, diplomatically and technologically across the world (e.g., Germany First strategy, Big Three Alliance and the development of atomic weapons).

7.2.3 - Impact of WWII on American Life – Analyze the changes in American life brought about by U.S. participation in World War II including

7.2.4 - Responses to Genocide – Investigate development and enactment of Hitler’s “final solution” policy, and the responses to genocide by the Allies, the U.S. government, international organizations, and individuals (e.g., liberation of concentration camps, Nuremberg war crimes tribunals, establishment of state of Israel). (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

8.1.1 - Origins and Beginnings of Cold War – Analyze the factors that contributed to the Cold War including

8.1.2 - Foreign Policy during the Cold War – Evaluate the origins, setbacks, and successes of the American policy of “containing” the Soviet Union, including

8.1.3 - End of the Cold War – Evaluate the factors that led to the end of the cold war including détente, policies of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and their leaders (President Reagan and Premier Gorbachev), the political breakup of the Soviet Union, and the Warsaw Pact.

8.2.1 - Demographic Changes – Use population data to produce and analyze maps that show the major changes in population distribution, spatial patterns and density, including the Baby Boom, new immigration, suburbanization, reverse migration of African Americans to the South, and the flow of population to the “Sunbelt.” (National Geography Standards 1,3, 5, 9, 10; p. 184, 188, 192, 201, 203)

8.2.2 - Policy Concerning Domestic Issues – Analyze major domestic issues in the Post-World War II era and the policies designed to meet the challenges by

8.2.3 - Comparing Domestic Policies – Focusing on causes, programs, and impacts, compare and contrast Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives, Johnson’s Great Society programs, and Reagan’s market-based domestic policies. (National Geography Standard 14, p. 212)

8.2.4 - Domestic Conflicts and Tensions – Using core democratic values, analyze and evaluate the competing perspectives and controversies among Americans generated by U.S. Supreme Court decisions (e.g., Roe v Wade, Gideon, Miranda, Tinker, Hazelwood), the Vietnam War (anti-war and counter-cultural movements), environmental movement, women’s rights movement, and the constitutional crisis generated by the Watergate scandal. (National Geography Standard 16, p. 216)

8.3.1 - Civil Rights Movement – Analyze the key events, ideals, documents, and organizations in the struggle for civil rights by African Americans including

8.3.2 - Ideals of the Civil Rights Movement – Compare and contrast the ideas in Martin Luther King’s March on Washington speech to the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Seneca Falls Resolution, and the Gettysburg Address.

8.3.3 - Women’s Rights – Analyze the causes and course of the women’s rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s (including role of population shifts, birth control, increasing number of women in the work force, National Organization for Women (NOW), and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)). (National Geography Standard 10, p. 203)

8.3.4 - Civil Rights Expanded – Evaluate the major accomplishments and setbacks in civil rights and liberties for American minorities over the 20th century including American Indians, Latinos/as, new immigrants, people with disabilities, and gays and lesbians. (National Geography Standard 10, p. 203)

8.3.5 - Tensions and Reactions to Poverty and Civil Rights – Analyze the causes and consequences of the civil unrest that occurred in American cities by comparing the civil unrest in Detroit with at least one other American city (e.g., Los Angeles, Cleveland, Chicago, Atlanta, Newark). (National Geography Standard 12, p. 208)

9.1.1 - Economic Changes – Using the changing nature of the American automobile industry as a case study, evaluate the changes in the American economy created by new markets, natural resources, technologies, corporate structures, international competition, new sources and methods of production, energy issues, and mass communication. (National Geography Standard 11, p. 206)

9.1.2 - Transformation of American Politics – Analyze the transformation of American politics in the late 20th and early 21st centuries including

9.2.1 - U.S. in the Post-Cold War World – Explain the role of the United States as a super-power in the post-Cold War world, including advantages, disadvantages, and new challenges (e.g., military missions in Lebanon, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Gulf War). (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

9.2.2 - 9/11 and Responses to Terrorism – Analyze how the attacks on 9/11 and the response to terrorism have altered American domestic and international policies (including e.g., the Office of Homeland Security, Patriot Act, wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, role of the United States in the United Nations, NATO). (National Geography Standard 13, p. 210)

1.1.1 - Identify roles citizens play in civic and private life, with emphasis on leadership.

1.1.2 - Explain and provide examples of the concepts “power,” “legitimacy,” “authority,” and “sovereignty.”

1.1.3 - Identify and explain competing arguments about the necessity and purposes of government (such as to protect inalienable rights, promote the general welfare, resolve conflicts, promote equality, and establish justice for all). (See USHG F1.1; F1.2; 8.3.2)

1.1.4 - Explain the purposes of politics, why people engage in the political process, and what the political process can achieve (e.g., promote the greater good, promote self-interest, advance solutions to public issues and problems, achieve a just society). (See USHG F1.1; F1.2; 6.3.2; 8.3.1)

1.2.1 - Identify, distinguish among, and provide examples of different forms of governmental structures including anarchy, monarchy, military junta, aristocracy, democracy, authoritarian, constitutional republic, fascist, communist, socialist, and theocratic states.

1.2.2 - Explain the purposes and uses of constitutions in defining and limiting government, distinguishing between historical and contemporary examples of constitutional governments that failed to limit power (e.g., Nazi Germany and Stalinist Soviet Union) and successful constitutional governments (e.g., contemporary Germany and United Kingdom). (See USHG 7.2.1; WHG 7.3)

1.2.3 - Compare and contrast parliamentary, federal, confederal, and unitary systems of government by analyzing similarities and differences in sovereignty, diffusion of power, and institutional structure. (See USHG F1.1; F1.2)

1.2.4 - Compare and contrast direct and representative democracy. (See USHG F1.1; F1.2)

2.1.1 - Explain the historical and philosophical origins of American constitutional government and evaluate the influence of ideas found in the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, Iroquois Confederation, Northwest Ordinance, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and selected Federalist Papers (such as the 10th, 14th, 51st), John Locke’s Second Treatise, Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws, Paine’s Common Sense.

2.1.2 - Explain the significance of the major debates and compromises underlying the formation and ratification of American constitutional government including the Virginia and New Jersey plans, the Great Compromise, debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, debates over slavery, and the promise for a bill of rights after ratification.

2.1.3 - Explain how the Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights reflected political principles of popular sovereignty, rule of law, checks and balances, separation of powers, social compact, natural rights, individual rights, separation of church and state, republicanism and federalism.

2.1.4 - Explain challenges and modifications to American constitutional government as a result of significant historical events such as the American Revolution, the Civil War, expansion of suffrage, the Great Depression, and the civil rights movement.

2.2.1 - Identify and explain the fundamental values of America’s constitutional republic (e.g., life, liberty, property, the pursuit of happiness, the common good, justice, equality, diversity, authority, participation, and patriotism) and their reflection in the principles of the United States Constitution (e.g., popular sovereignty, republicanism, rule of law, checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism).

2.2.2 - Explain and evaluate how Americans, either through individual or collective actions, use constitutional principles and fundamental values to narrow gaps between American ideals and reality with respect to minorities, women, and the disadvantaged. (See USHG 6.1.2; 6.3.2; 7.1.3; 8.3)

2.2.3 - Use past and present policies to analyze conflicts that arise in society due to competing constitutional principles or fundamental values (e.g., liberty and authority, justice and equality, individual rights, and the common good). (See USHG 6.3.2; 8.2.4; 8.3.1; 9.2.2)

2.2.4 - Analyze and explain ideas about fundamental values like liberty, justice, and equality found in a range of documents (e.g., Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech and “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration of Sentiments, the Equal Rights Amendment, and the Patriot Act). (See USHG F1.1; 8.3.2; 9.2.2)

2.2.5 - Use examples to investigate why people may agree on constitutional principles and fundamental values in the abstract, yet disagree over their meaning when they are applied to specific situations. (See USHG 8.2.4)

3.1.1 - Analyze the purposes, organization, functions, and processes of the legislative branch as enumerated in Article I of the Constitution.

3.1.2 - Analyze the purposes, organization, functions, and processes of the executive branch as enumerated in Article II of the Constitution.

3.1.3 - Analyze the purposes, organization, functions, and processes of the judicial branch as enumerated in Article III of the Constitution.

3.1.4 - Identify the role of independent regulatory agencies in the federal bureaucracy (e.g., Federal Reserve Board, Food and Drug Administration, Federal Communications Commission). (See USHG 6.3.2)

3.1.5 - Use case studies or examples to examine tensions between the three branches of government (e.g., powers of the purse and impeachment, advise and consent, veto power, and judicial review).

3.1.6 - Evaluate major sources of revenue for the national government, including the constitutional provisions for taxing its citizens.

3.1.7 - Explain why the federal government is one of enumerated powers while state governments are those of reserved powers.

3.2.1 - Explain how the principles of enumerated powers, federalism, separation of powers, bicameralism, checks and balances, republicanism, rule of law, individual rights, inalienable rights, separation of church and state, and popular sovereignty serve to limit the power of government.

3.2.2 - Use court cases to explain how the Constitution is maintained as the supreme law of the land (e.g., Marbury v. Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v. Maryland).

3.2.3 - Identify specific provisions in the Constitution that limit the power of the federal government.

3.2.4 - Explain the role of the Bill of Rights and each of its amendments in restraining the power of government over individuals. (See USHG F1.1)

3.2.5 - Analyze the role of subsequent amendments to the Constitution in extending or limiting the power of government, including the Civil War/Reconstruction Amendments and those expanding suffrage. (See USHG F1.1)

3.3.1 - Describe limits the U.S. Constitution places on powers of the states (e.g., prohibitions against coining money, impairing interstate commerce, making treaties with foreign governments) and on the federal government’s power over the states (e.g., federal government cannot abolish a state, Tenth Amendment reserves powers to the states).

3.3.2 - Identify and define states’ reserved and concurrent powers.

3.3.3 - Explain the tension among federal, state, and local governmental power using the necessary and proper clause, the commerce clause, and the Tenth Amendment.

3.3.4 - Describe how state and local governments are organized, their major responsibilities, and how they affect the lives of citizens.

3.3.5 - Describe the mechanisms by which citizens monitor and influence state and local governments (e.g., referendum, initiative, recall).

3.3.6 - Evaluate the major sources of revenue for state and local governments.

3.3.7 - Explain the role of state constitutions in state governments.

3.4.1 - Explain why the rule of law has a central place in American society (e.g., Supreme Court cases like Marbury v. Madison and U.S. v. Nixon; practices such as submitting bills to legal counsel to ensure congressional compliance with the law). (See USHG F1.1, 8.2.4)

3.4.2 - Describe what can happen in the absence or breakdown of the rule of law (e.g., Ku Klux Klan attacks, police corruption, organized crime, interfering with the right to vote, and perjury). (See USHG 8.3.5)

3.4.3 - Explain the meaning and importance of equal protection of the law (e.g., the 14th Amendment, Americans with Disabilities Act, equal opportunity legislation).

3.4.4 - Describe considerations and criteria that have been used to deny, limit, or extend protection of individual rights (e.g., clear and present danger, time, place and manner restrictions on speech, compelling government interest, security, libel or slander, public safety, and equal opportunity).

3.4.5 - Analyze the various levels and responsibilities of courts in the federal and state judicial system and explain the relationships among them.

3.5.1 - Explain how political parties, interest groups, the media, and individuals can influence and determine the public agenda.

3.5.2 - Describe the origin and the evolution of political parties and their influence. (See Grade 5 SS; USHG 9.1.2)

3.5.3 - Identify and explain the roles of various associations and groups in American politics (e.g., political organizations, political action committees, interest groups, voluntary and civic associations, professional organizations, unions, and religious groups).

3.5.4 - Explain the concept of public opinion, factors that shape it, and contrasting views on the role it should play in public policy.

3.5.5 - Evaluate the actual influence of public opinion on public policy.

3.5.6 - Explain the significance of campaigns and elections in American politics, current criticisms of campaigns, and proposals for their reform.

3.5.7 - Explain the role of television, radio, the press, and the internet in political communication.

3.5.8 - Evaluate, take, and defend positions about the formation and implementation of a current public policy issue, and examine ways to participate in the decision making process about the issue.

3.5.9 - In making a decision on a public issue, analyze various forms of political communication (e.g., political cartoons, campaign advertisements, political speeches, and blogs) using criteria like logical validity, factual accuracy and/or omission, emotional appeal, distorted evidence, and appeals to bias or prejudice.

4.1.1 - Identify and evaluate major foreign policy positions that have characterized the United States’ relations with the world (e.g., isolated nation, imperial power, world leader) in light of foundational values and principles, provide examples of how they were implemented and their consequences (e.g., Spanish- American War, Cold War containment) (See USHG 6.2; 7.2; 8.1.2; 9.2.1).

4.1.2 - Describe the process by which United States foreign policy is made, including the powers the Constitution gives to the president; Congress and the judiciary; and the roles federal agencies, domestic interest groups, the public, and the media play in foreign policy.

4.1.3 - Evaluate the means used to implement U.S. foreign policy with respect to current or past international issues (e.g., diplomacy, economic, military and humanitarian aid, treaties, sanctions, military intervention, and covert action).

4.1.4 - Using at least two historical examples, explain reasons for, and consequences of, conflicts that arise when international disputes cannot be resolved peacefully. (See USHG 6.2.2; 7.2; 8.1.2; 9.2.2; WHG 7.2.1; 7.2.3; 8.1.2)

4.2.1 - Describe how different political systems interact in world affairs with respect to international issues. (See USHG 6.2.4)

4.2.2 - Analyze the impact of American political, economic, technological, and cultural developments on other parts of the world (e.g., immigration policies, economic, military and humanitarian aid, computer technology research, popular fashion, and film). (See USHG 6.1.4; 8.2.1)

4.2.3 - Analyze the impact of political, economic, technological, and cultural developments around the world on the United States (e.g., terrorism, emergence of regional organizations like the European Union, multinational corporations, and interdependent world economy). (See USHG 6.1.1; 9.1.1; 9.2.1)

4.2.4 - Identify the purposes and functions of governmental and non-governmental international organizations, and the role of the United States in each (e.g., the United Nations, NATO, World Court, Organization of American States, International Red Cross, Amnesty International).

4.2.5 - Evaluate the role of the United States in important bilateral and multilateral agreements (e.g., NAFTA, Helsinki Accords, Antarctic Treaty, Most Favored Nation Agreements, and the Kyoto Protocol).

4.2.6 - Evaluate the impact of American political ideas and values on other parts of the world (e.g., American Revolution, fundamental values and principles expressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution).

5.1.1 - Using examples, explain the idea and meaning of citizenship in the United States of America, and the rights and responsibilities of American citizens (e.g., people participate in public life, know about the laws that govern society, respect and obey those laws, participate in political life, stay informed and attentive about public issues, and voting).

5.1.2 - Compare the rights of citizenship Americans have as a member of a state and the nation.

5.2.1 - Explain the distinction between citizens by birth, naturalized citizens, and non-citizens.

5.2.2 - Describe the distinction between legal and illegal immigration and the process by which legal immigrants can become citizens.

5.2.3 - Evaluate the criteria used for admission to citizenship in the United States and how Americans expanded citizenship over the centuries (e.g., removing limitations of suffrage).

5.3.1 - Identify and explain personal rights (e.g., freedom of thought, conscience, expression, association, movement and residence, the right to privacy, personal autonomy, due process of law, free exercise of religion, and equal protection of the law).

5.3.2 - Identify and explain political rights (e.g., freedom of speech, press, assembly, and petition; and the right to vote and run for public office).

5.3.3 - Identify and explain economic rights (e.g., the right to acquire, use, transfer, and dispose of property, choose one’s work and change employment, join labor unions and professional associations, establish and operate a business, copyright protection, enter into lawful contracts, and just compensation for the taking of private property for public use).

5.3.4 - Describe the relationship between personal, political, and economic rights and how they can sometimes conflict.

5.3.5 - Explain considerations and criteria commonly used in determining what limits should be placed on specific rights.

5.3.6 - Describe the rights protected by the First Amendment, and using case studies and examples, explore the limit and scope of First Amendment rights.

5.3.7 - Using the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Amendments, describe the rights of the accused; and using case studies and examples, explore the limit and scope of these rights.

5.3.8 - Explain and give examples of the role of the Fourteenth Amendment in extending the protection of individual rights against state action.

5.3.9 - Use examples to explain why rights are not unlimited and absolute.

5.4.1 - Distinguish between personal and civic responsibilities and describe how they can sometimes conflict with each other.

5.4.2 - Describe the importance of citizens’ civic responsibilities including obeying the law, being informed and attentive to public issues, monitoring political leaders and governmental agencies, assuming leadership when appropriate, paying taxes, registering to vote and voting knowledgeably on candidates and issues, serving as a juror, serving in the armed forces, performing public service.

5.4.3 - Explain why meeting personal and civic responsibilities is important to the preservation and improvement of American constitutional democracy.

5.5.1 - Describe dispositions people think lead citizens to become independent members of society (e.g., self-discipline, self-governance, and a sense of individual responsibility) and thought to foster respect for individual worth and human dignity (e.g., respect for individual rights and choice, and concern for the well-being of others).

5.5.2 - Describe the dispositions thought to encourage citizen involvement in public affairs (e.g., “civic virtue” or attentiveness to and concern for public affairs; patriotism or loyalty to values and principles underlying American constitutional democracy) and to facilitate thoughtful and effective participation in public affairs (e.g., civility, respect for the rights of other individuals, respect for law, honesty, open-mindedness, negotiation and compromise; persistence, civic mindedness, compassion, patriotism, courage, and tolerance for ambiguity).

5.5.3 - Explain why the development of citizens as independent members of society who are respectful of individual worth and human dignity, inclined to participate in public affairs, and are thoughtful and effective in their participation, is important to the preservation and improvement of American constitutional democracy.

6.1.1 - Identify and research various viewpoints on significant public policy issues.

6.1.2 - Locate, analyze, and use various forms of evidence, information, and sources about a significant public policy issue, including primary and secondary sources, legal documents (e.g., Constitutions, court decisions, state law), non-text based information (e.g., maps, charts, tables, graphs, and cartoons), and other forms of political communication (e.g., oral political cartoons, campaign advertisements, political speeches, and blogs).

6.1.3 - Develop and use criteria (e.g., logical validity, factual accuracy and/or omission, emotional appeal, credibility, unstated assumptions, logical fallacies, inconsistencies, distortions, and appeals to bias or prejudice, overall strength of argument) in analyzing evidence and position statements.

6.1.4 - Address a public issue by suggesting alternative solutions or courses of action, evaluating the consequences of each, and proposing an action to address the issue or resolve the problem.

6.1.5 - Make a persuasive, reasoned argument on a public issue and support using evidence (e.g., historical and contemporary examples), constitutional principles, and fundamental values of American constitutional democracy; explain the stance or position.

6.2.1 - Describe the relationship between politics and the attainment of individual and public goals (e.g., how individual interests are fulfilled by working to achieve collective goals).

6.2.2 - Distinguish between and evaluate the importance of political participation and social participation.

6.2.3 - Describe how, when, and where individuals can participate in the political process at the local, state, and national levels (including, but not limited to voting, attending political and governmental meetings, contacting public officials, working in campaigns, community organizing, demonstrating or picketing, boycotting, joining interest groups or political action committees); evaluate the effectiveness of these methods of participants.

6.2.4 - Participate in a real or simulated election, and evaluate the results, including the impact of voter turnout and demographics.

6.2.5 - Describe how citizen movements seek to realize fundamental values and principles of American constitutional democracy.

6.2.6 - Analyze different ways people have used civil disobedience, the different forms civil disobedience might take (e.g., violent and non-violent) and their impact.

6.2.7 - Participate in a service-learning project, reflect upon experiences, and evaluate the value of the experience to the American ideal of participation.

6.2.8 - Describe various forms and functions of political leadership and evaluate the characteristics of an effective leader.

6.2.9 - Evaluate the claim that constitutional democracy requires the participation of an attentive, knowledgeable, and competent citizenry.

6.2.10 - Participate in a real or simulated public hearing or debate and evaluate the role of deliberative public discussions in civic life.

6.2.11 - Identify typical issues, needs, or concerns of citizens (e.g., seeking variance, zoning changes, information about property taxes), and actively demonstrate ways citizens might use local governments to resolve issues or concerns.

1.1.1 - Scarcity, Choice, Opportunity Costs, and Comparative Advantage – Using examples, explain how scarcity, choice, opportunity costs affect decisions that households, businesses, and governments make in the market place and explain how comparative advantage creates gains from trade.

1.1.2 - Entrepreneurship – Identify the risks, returns and other characteristics of entrepreneurship that bear on its attractiveness as a career.

1.2.1 - Business Structures – Compare and contrast the functions and constraints facing economic institutions including small and large businesses, labor unions, banks, and households.

1.2.2 - Price in the Market – Analyze how prices send signals and provide incentives to buyers and sellers in a competitive market.

1.2.3 - Investment, Productivity and Growth – Analyze the role investments in physical (e.g., technology) and human capital (e.g., education) play in increasing productivity and how these influence the market.

1.3.1 - Law of Supply – Explain the law of supply and analyze the likely change in supply when there are changes in prices of the productive resources (e.g., labor, land, capital including technology), or the profit opportunities available to producers by selling other goods or services, or the number of sellers in a market.

1.3.2 - Law of Demand – Explain the law of demand and analyze the likely change in demand when there are changes in prices of the goods or services, availability of alternative (substitute or complementary) goods or services, or changes in the number of buyers in a market created by such things as change in income or availability of credit.

1.3.3 - Price, Equilibrium, Elasticity, and Incentives – Analyze how prices change through the interaction of buyers and sellers in a market including the role of supply, demand, equilibrium, elasticity, and explain how incentives (monetary and non-monetary) affect choices of households and economic organizations.

1.4.1 - Public Policy and the Market – Analyze the impact of a change in public policy (such as an increase in the minimum wage, a new tax policy, or a change in interest rates) on consumers, producers, workers, savers, and investors.

1.4.2 - Government and Consumers – Analyze the role of government in protecting consumers and enforcing contracts, (including property rights), and explain how this role influences the incentives (or disincentives) for people to produce and exchange goods and services.

1.4.3 - Government Revenue and Services – Analyze the ways in which local and state governments generate revenue (e.g., income, sales, and property taxes) and use that revenue for public services (e.g., parks and highways).

1.4.4 - Functions of Government – Explain the various functions of government in a market economy including the provision of public goods and services, the creation of currency, the establishment of property rights, the enforcement of contracts, correcting for externalities and market failures, the redistribution of income and wealth, regulation of labor (e.g., minimum wage, child labor, working conditions), and the promotion of economic growth and security.

1.4.5 - Economic Incentives and Government – Identify and explain how monetary and non-monetary incentives affect government officials and voters and explain how government policies affect the behavior of various people including consumers, savers, investors, workers, and producers.

2.1.1 - Income – Describe how individuals and businesses earn income by selling productive resources.

2.1.2 - Circular Flow and the National Economy – Using the concept of circular flow, analyze the roles of and the relationships between households, business firms, financial institutions, and government and nongovernment agencies in the economy of the United States.

2.1.3 - Financial Institutions and Money Supply – Analyze how decisions by the Federal Reserve and actions by financial institutions (e.g., commercial banks, credit unions) regarding deposits and loans, impact the expansion and contraction of the money supply.

2.1.4 - Money Supply, Inflation, and Recession – Explain the relationships between money supply, inflation, and recessions.

2.1.5 - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth – Use GDP data to measure the rate of economic growth in the United States and identify factors that have contributed to this economic growth

2.1.6 - Unemployment – Analyze the character of different types of unemployment including frictional, structural, and cyclical.

2.1.7 - Economic Indicators – Using a number of indicators, such as GDP, per capita GDP, unemployment rates, and Consumer Price Index, analyze the characteristics of business cycles, including the characteristics of peaks, recessions, and expansions.

2.1.8 - Relationship Between Expenditures and Revenue (Circular Flow) – Using the circular flow model, explain how spending on consumption, investment, government and net exports determines national income; explain how a decrease in total expenditures affects the value of a nation’s output of final goods and services.

2.1.9 - American Economy in the World – Analyze the changing relationship between the American economy and the global economy including, but not limited to, the increasing complexity of American economic activity (e.g., outsourcing, off-shoring, and supply-chaining) generated by the expansion of the global economy.

2.2.1 - Federal Government and Macroeconomic Goals – Identify the three macroeconomic goals of an economic system (stable prices, low unemployment, and economic growth).

2.2.2. - Macroeconomic Policy Alternatives – Compare and contrast differing policy recommendations for the role of the Federal government in achieving the macroeconomic goals of stable prices, low unemployment, and economic growth.

2.2.3 - Fiscal Policy and its Consequences – Analyze the consequences – intended and unintended – of using various tax and spending policies to achieve macroeconomic goals of stable prices, low unemployment, and economic growth.

2.2.4 - Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy – Explain the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System and compare and contrast the consequences – intended and unintended – of different monetary policy actions of the Federal Reserve Board as a means to achieve macroeconomic goals of stable prices, low unemployment, and economic growth.

2.2.5 - Government Revenue and Services – Analyze the ways in which governments generate revenue on consumption, income and wealth and use that revenue for public services (e.g., parks and highways) and social welfare (e.g., social security, Medicaid, Medicare).

3.1.1 - Major Economic Systems – Gives examples of and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of major economic systems (command, market and mixed), including their philosophical and historical foundations (e.g., Marx and the Communist Manifesto, Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations).

3.1.2 - Developing Nations – Assess how factors such as availability of natural resources, investments in human and physical capital, technical assistance, public attitudes and beliefs, property rights and free trade can affect economic growth in developing nations.

3.1.3 - International Organizations and the World Economy – Evaluate the diverse impact of trade policies of the World Trade Organization, World Bank, or International Monetary Fund on developing economies of Africa, Central America, or Asia, and the developed economies of the United States and Western Europe.

3.1.4 - GDP and Standard of Living – Using current and historical data on real per capita GDP for the United States, and at least three other countries (e.g., Japan, Somalia, and South Korea) construct a relationship between real GDP and standard of living.

3.1.5 - Comparing Economic Systems – Using the three basic economic questions (e.g., what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce), compare and contrast a socialist (command) economy (such as North Korea or Cuba) with the Capitalist as a mixed, free market system of the United States.

3.1.5 - 3.1.6 Impact of Transitional Economies – Analyze the impact of transitional economies, such as in China and India, on the global economy in general and the American economy in particular.

3.2.1 - Absolute and Comparative Advantage – Use the concepts of absolute and comparative advantage to explain why goods and services are produced in one nation or locale versus another.

3.2.2 - Domestic Activity and World Trade – Assess the impact of trade policies (i.e. tariffs, quotas, export subsidies, product standards and other barriers), monetary policy, exchange rates, and interest rates on domestic activity and world trade.

3.2.3 - Exchange Rates and the World Trade – Describe how interest rates in the United States impact the value of the dollar against other currencies (such as the Euro), and explain how exchange rates affect the value of goods and services of the United States in other markets.

3.2.4 - Monetary Policy and International Trade – Analyze how the decisions made by a country’s central bank (or the Federal Reserve) impact a nation’s international trade.

3.2.5 - The Global Economy and the Marketplace – Analyze and describe how the global economy has changed the interaction of buyers and sellers, such as in the automobile industry.

4.1.1 - Scarcity and Opportunity Costs – Apply concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs to personal financial decision making.

4.1.2 - Marginal Benefit and Cost – Use examples and case studies to explain and evaluate the impact of marginal benefit and marginal cost of an activity on choices and decisions.

4.1.3 - Personal Finance Strategy – Develop a personal finance strategy for earning, spending, saving and investing resources.

4.1.4 - Key Components of Personal Finance – Evaluate key components of personal finance including, money management, saving and investment, spending and credit, income, mortgages, retirement, investing (e.g., 401K, IRAs), and insurance.

4.1.5 - Personal Decisions – Use a decision-making model (e.g., stating a problem, listing alternatives, establishing criteria, weighing options, making the decision, and evaluating the result) to evaluate the different aspects of personal finance including careers, savings and investing tools, and different forms of income generation.

4.1.6 - Risk Management Plan – Develop a risk management plan that uses a combination of avoidance, reduction, retention, and transfer (insurance).